The Most Important Biomarkers for Health and Longevity

Blood biomarkers are crucial for assessing overall health and longevity. The significance of each biomarker can vary by age, gender, medical history, and overall health. Based on current scientific knowledge, 45 essential blood biomarkers are commonly used as indicators of health and longevity.

Blood biomarker testing is a good start, but blood biomarker testing is not the only way to measure health and longevity. Other tests and markers can provide a more comprehensive view. For example, the organic acids test measures nutritional and metabolic biomarkers, plus levels of amino acids in the urine and fatty acids in the blood. Quantifying the microbiota and microbiome can provide essential information on gut health and its impact on overall health. A high-quality, comprehensive genetic test (DNA) can provide insights into genetic makeup and potential genetic predispositions to certain diseases. An epigenetic test can provide information on how lifestyle and environmental factors affect gene expression and potential health outcomes. Thus, it is crucial to consider combining these tests and markers to gain a complete view of an individual's health and longevity.

Introduction

Reference range interpretation is a way to read lab findings in relation to expected values, rather than calling results simply normal.

Physicians generally consider findings “normal” when results fall within the reference range. Medical Laboratory Science places “normal” in quotation marks because no clear-cut line separates normal from abnormal. That is why the term reference range is used instead of normal range.

A lab result may be slightly above or below the reference range without indicating illness. Reference range interpretation can be limiting when the goal is maintaining good health and preventing illness. That interpretation fits a view of health as the absence of disease. However, if health is seen as vibrant and good at both population and individual levels, the reference range may be viewed differently.

Additionally, WHO took a stance on this topic in 2014. A comprehensive report published in the International Journal of Epidemiology in 2016 stated, “health is not just the absence of disease...”. International understanding has increased, and preventive health care is becoming as important as medical care for illness.

What is an optimal level?

All laboratory markers certainly don’t have so-called optimal values determined in scientific studies, but such values do exist in some cases. Optimal values are likely to be based on findings made on a population level regarding low mortality or, for instance, the greatest likelihood of preventing cardiovascular disease associated with a particular marker. Optimal levels, as opposed to a reference range, have also been defined for some vitamins. For example, a testosterone level at the lower end of the reference range may indicate subclinical hypogonadism.

However, it is crucial always to compare the results to your previous results and track the changes over time, particularly after lifestyle changes. It is also beneficial to take several samples to get a bigger picture of various levels and to minimize the slight day-to-day variation before interpreting the results. 

The 45 Most Important Blood Biomarkers

There are numerous blood biomarkers that are important for health and longevity, and their significance may vary depending on a person’s age, gender, medical history, and overall health. However, based on current scientific knowledge, here is a list of 45 blood biomarkers, ranked in no particular order, that are commonly used as indicators of health and longevity. 

It is important to note that biomarkers should not be interpreted in isolation and should always be considered in the context of an individual’s medical history, lifestyle factors, and other relevant health metrics (all the references for the markers and more are found in the Optimize Your Lab Results Online Course).

1. C-reactive protein (CRP): CRP is a protein that increases in response to inflammation in the body. High levels of CRP have been linked to an increased risk of heart disease, diabetes, and other chronic health conditions and mortality. Monitoring CRP levels can help identify inflammation and other related health issues.
2. Fasting blood glucose: Fasting blood glucose is a measure of the amount of glucose in the blood after an overnight fast. Elevated blood glucose levels are a key indicator of diabetes and metabolic syndrome, which are associated with an increased risk of heart disease, stroke, and other chronic health conditions.
3. Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C): HbA1C measures average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months. High HbA1C levels indicate poor glucose control and insulin resistance and have been associated with an increased risk of heart disease, stroke, and other chronic health conditions.
4. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol: HDL cholesterol is often referred to as “good” cholesterol because it helps remove LDL cholesterol, or “bad” cholesterol, from the bloodstream. Low HDL levels are a risk factor for heart disease, while high levels are associated with a lower risk of heart disease and other chronic health conditions.
5. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol: LDL cholesterol is often referred to as “bad” cholesterol because it can contribute to plaque formation in the arteries. High LDL levels may be a risk factor for heart disease and other chronic health conditions.
6. Triglycerides: Triglycerides are a type of fat found in the blood. High triglyceride levels have been associated with an increased risk of heart disease, stroke, and other chronic health conditions.
7. Total cholesterol: Total cholesterol is the sum of HDL, LDL, and other cholesterol particles in the blood. High total cholesterol levels are a risk factor for heart disease and other chronic health conditions. Then again, low total cholesterol may cause vitamin D deficiency, steroid hormone production problems, depression, and an increased risk of premature death from various causes.
1. LEARN EVERYTHING ABOUT CHOLESTEROL FROM THE BIOHACKER'S CHOLESTEROL GUIDE.
8. Homocysteine: Homocysteine is an amino acid that can be toxic to the body at high levels. Elevated homocysteine levels have been linked to an increased risk of heart disease and other chronic health conditions due to increased oxidative stress.
9. Vitamin D: Vitamin D is an essential nutrient that plays a crucial role in bone health, immune function, and many other physiological processes. Low vitamin D levels have been linked to an increased risk of various health conditions, including osteoporosis, cancer, and autoimmune diseases.
10. Serum iron: Serum iron levels measure the amount of iron in the blood. Iron is an essential nutrient that plays a critical role in the formation of red blood cells. High serum iron levels have been linked to an increased risk of heart disease and mortality, while low levels can lead to anemia.
11. Ferritin: Ferritin is a protein that stores iron in the body. Elevated ferritin levels indicate excess iron storage, which has been linked to an increased risk of various health conditions, including heart disease, cancer, and diabetes. Too low levels indicate iron deficiency.
12. Transferrin saturation: Transferrin saturation measures the amount of iron bound to transferrin, a protein that transports iron in the blood. Elevated transferrin saturation levels can indicate excess iron storage and an increased risk of various health conditions. Too low levels indicate iron deficiency.
13. Complete blood count (CBC): A CBC measures several components of the blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It can help diagnose and monitor various conditions such as anemia, infection, and leukemia.
14. White blood cell count (WBC): A WBC count measures the number of white blood cells in the blood. It can help diagnose and monitor infections, inflammation, and immune system disorders. Lower but within the reference range levels are linked to reduced mortality risk.
15. Red blood cell count (RBC): An RBC count measures the number of red blood cells in the blood. It can help diagnose and monitor anemia, kidney disease, and bone marrow disorders.
16. Hemoglobin: Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. A hemoglobin test measures the amount in the blood and can help diagnose and monitor anemia and other blood disorders.
17. Hematocrit: Hematocrit measures the proportion of red blood cells in the blood. A hematocrit test can help diagnose and monitor anemia and dehydration.
18. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV): MCV measures the average size of red blood cells. An MCV test can help diagnose and monitor anemia and other blood disorders.
19. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH): MCH measures the amount of hemoglobin in a single red blood cell. An MCH test can help diagnose and monitor anemia and other blood disorders.
20. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC): MCHC measures hemoglobin concentration in a given volume of red blood cells. An MCHC test can help diagnose and monitor anemia and other blood disorders.
21. Platelet count: A platelet count measures the number of platelets in the blood. It can help diagnose and monitor bleeding, clotting, and bone marrow disorders. Lower but within the reference range levels are linked to reduced mortality risk. 
22. Fibrinogen: Fibrinogen is a protein produced in the liver involved in blood clotting. High fibrinogen levels in the blood can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and stroke.
23. D-dimer: D-dimer is a protein fragment produced when a blood clot is broken down. Elevated D-dimer levels in the blood can indicate a blood clot or thrombotic disorder.
24. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA): PSA is a protein produced by the prostate gland in men. Elevated levels of PSA in the blood can be a sign of prostate cancer or other prostate-related conditions.
25. Testosterone: Testosterone is a male sex hormone produced in the testes. Low testosterone levels can cause various symptoms in men, including fatigue, decreased libido, and muscle weakness. Read the comprehensive article on naturally elevating testosterone levels here.
26. Estrogen: Estrogen is a female sex hormone produced in the ovaries. Low estrogen levels can cause various symptoms in women, including hot flashes, night sweats, and vaginal dryness. Learn more about estrogen and other female hormones in the Biohacking Women Online Course.
27. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): FSH is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles in women and the production of sperm in men. Elevated levels of FSH can be a sign of menopause in women or testicular failure in men.
28. Luteinizing hormone (LH): LH is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates ovulation in women and testosterone production in men. Elevated levels of LH can be a sign of menopause in women or testicular failure in men.
29. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): TSH is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones. Elevated levels of TSH can be a sign of an underactive thyroid gland or hypothyroidism.
30. Free triiodothyronine (fT3): fT3 is one of the two main thyroid hormones produced by the thyroid gland. Low levels of fT3 can be a sign of an underactive thyroid gland or hypothyroidism.
31. Free thyroxine (fT4): fT4 is the other primary thyroid hormone produced by the thyroid gland. Low levels of fT4 can be a sign of an underactive thyroid gland or hypothyroidism.
32. Thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO): The antibody produced by the immune system can attack the thyroid gland and cause hypothyroidism. Elevated levels of TPO antibodies can be a sign of autoimmune thyroid disease.
33. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): ACTH is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol, a steroid hormone. Elevated levels of ACTH can be a sign of adrenal insufficiency or Cushing’s syndrome.
34. Cortisol: Cortisol is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands in response to stress. It helps regulate the body’s response to stress and plays a role in blood sugar control, immune function, and inflammation. Abnormal levels of cortisol can be a sign of adrenal dysfunction or other health issues.
35. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1): IGF-1 is a hormone primarily produced by the liver in response to growth hormone. It is essential for normal growth and development; abnormal levels can be associated with growth disorders and other health issues. Low- and high-normal IGF-I levels are both related to insulin resistance. 
36. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA): DHEA is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands and plays a role in producing sex hormones. Abnormal levels of DHEA can be associated with adrenal dysfunction and other health issues.
37. Follicular phase estradiol: Estradiol is a type of estrogen hormone produced by the ovaries. During the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, estradiol levels increase and play a role in preparing the body for ovulation. Abnormal estradiol levels can be associated with menstrual disorders and other health issues.
38. Luteal phase progesterone: Progesterone is a hormone produced by the ovaries and is essential for preparing the uterus for pregnancy. During the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, progesterone levels increase. Abnormal progesterone levels can be associated with menstrual disorders and other health issues.
39. Cystatin C: Cystatin C is a protein produced by the cells in the body and is used to measure kidney function. Elevated levels of cystatin C can be a sign of reduced kidney function.
40. Fasting insulin: Fasting insulin is a blood test that measures the amount of insulin in the blood after fasting. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that helps the body regulate blood sugar levels. High levels of fasting insulin can indicate insulin resistance or diabetes.
41. Creatinine: Creatinine is a waste product generated by muscles during normal metabolism. It is filtered from the blood by the kidneys and excreted in the urine. A blood test that measures the level of creatinine in the blood can be used to evaluate kidney function. Elevated creatinine levels in the blood may indicate impaired kidney function or damage.
42. Uric acid: Uric acid is a waste product produced when the body breaks down purines found in many foods and the body’s cells. The kidneys excrete most uric acid, but if too much uric acid is produced or the kidneys are not working correctly, uric acid levels in the blood can elevate. High uric acid levels in the blood can lead to gout, which causes joint pain and swelling. Elevated uric acid may also be a more crucial remediable risk factor for metabolic and cardiovascular diseases.
43. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT): ALT is an enzyme found primarily in the liver. It is released into the bloodstream when liver cells are damaged, which can occur due to conditions such as hepatitis, alcohol abuse, or liver cancer. Elevated levels of ALT in the blood can indicate liver damage or disease. Moderate increases in ALT levels also occur with metabolic disorders such as hyperlipidemia, obesity, and type 2 diabetes.
44. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST): AST is an enzyme found in many tissues in the body, including the liver, heart, and muscles. Like ALT, it is released into the bloodstream when cells are damaged. Elevated levels of AST can indicate damage to the liver, heart, or muscles.
45. Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT): GGT is an enzyme found in the liver, pancreas, and other organs. It is involved in the metabolism of glutathione, an antioxidant that helps protect cells from damage. Elevated levels of GGT in the blood can indicate liver or bile duct disease and excessive alcohol consumption.

Most of these markers (95%) are covered in great detail in our most popular health-optimization learning platform; the Optimize Your Lab Results Online Course!

The Organic Acids Test (OAT)

The Organic Acids Test, OAT, is a diagnostic tool that measures organic acid metabolites in urine. Organic acid metabolites are produced through metabolic pathways. The Organic Acids Test may provide information on nutrient deficiencies, energy production, and gut microbiome health.

The Organic Acids Test can detect and monitor nutrient deficiencies, inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and abnormalities in neurotransmitter metabolism. The Organic Acids Test can also identify overgrowth of harmful bacteria or yeast in the gut and imbalances in the gut microbiome that can contribute to a range of health issues.

One main benefit of the Organic Acids Test is a comprehensive metabolic profile. The Organic Acids Test can help healthcare practitioners tailor nutritional and supplemental interventions. The Organic Acids Test can also guide dietary and lifestyle interventions. For example, we recommend taking the Metabolomix+ home test.

Metabolic Areas of Metabolomix + Analysis:

Basic profile:

Metabolomix+ analysis is a metabolic assessment that looks at key areas reflected in this sample report. It includes organic acids, absorption disorders and dysbiosis, cellular energy and mitochondria, mediators, and vitamin tracers. It also reviews toxin and detoxification markers. Additionally, it covers tyrosine metabolism, amino acids, essential amino acids, and non-essential amino acids. Other areas include intermediates of metabolism, markers for dietary peptides, and markers of oxidative stress. Together, these categories outline the metabolic areas reviewed in Metabolomix+ analysis. They show the scope of markers presented in the report, rather than a single isolated measure. For a fuller view of how these areas appear in practice, view the complete Metabolomix+ sample report here.

Amino acids (urine)

Amino acids are compounds that contain four essential elements: carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N). 20 amino acids are important for humans, 9 are essential from dietary sources, and 11 are synthesized in the body. Amino acids are therefore classified as essential and non-essential. Additionally, some dispensable amino acids are conditionally essential or conditionally indispensable and must be received from dietary sources, because synthesized amounts may not fully meet the body’s needs.

Proteins formed from amino acids support several tasks. Examples include:

• Tissue growth, regeneration, and repair of damaged tissue
• Detoxification and food digestion through digestive enzymes
• Enzymes, cofactors, coenzymes, and regulation of chemical reactions
• Structural components in tissues and cell membranes
• Biological transfer proteins, for example hemoglobin
• Immune system function through antibodies and immunoglobulins
• Mediators, signal carriers, hormones, ferritin storage, energy production, and cell movement

 

Fatty acids (blood)

Fatty acids are chemical compounds consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and the carboxyl group, which also contains oxygen. Fatty acids are monocarboxylic acids, which always have an even amount of carbon atoms. In nature, they form carbon chains of various lengths, which determine the class of fatty acids (short-chain fatty acids, medium-chain fatty acids, long-chain fatty acids, and very-long-chain fatty acids).

The body can synthesize short-chain fatty acids in the intestine with the help of intestinal bacteria. In addition, medium-chain fatty acids are also found in nature (e.g., in a coconut). The saturation degree of fatty acids depends on the possible double bonds between the carbon chains. Saturated fatty acids contain only single bonds. Monounsaturated fatty acids have one double bond between carbon atoms, and polyunsaturated fatty acids have several bonds. Hence, fatty acids can be either saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated.

Fatty acids affect cell signaling in the body and alter gene expression in fat and carbohydrate metabolism. Moreover, fatty acids may act as ligands for the peroxisome proliferation-activated receptors (PPARs), which play an essential role in the regulation of inflammation (i.e., eicosanoids), fat formation (adipogenesis), insulin, and neurological functions, among others.

Fatty acids add-on for Metabolomix+

Fatty Acids add-on is an option that can be added to the Metabolomix+ test for Essential and Metabolic Fatty Acids.

Fatty Acids add-on uses an easy at-home bloodspot finger prick. Fatty Acids add-on covers analytes linked to brain function, cardiovascular health, inflammation, lipoprotein metabolism, adipose tissue inflammation, and fatty acid metabolism. Additionally, Fatty Acids add-on includes specific ratios and the Omega-3 Index for cardiovascular risk.

Analytes covered in this add-on:

• Omega 3 Fatty Acids are essential for brain function and cardiovascular health and are anti-inflammatory.
• Omega 6 Fatty Acids are involved in the balance of inflammation.
• Omega 9 Fatty Acids are essential for brain growth, nerve cell myelin, and reducing inflammation.
• Saturated Fatty Acids are involved in lipoprotein metabolism and adipose tissue inflammation.
• Monounsaturated Fats include omega-7 fats and unhealthy trans fats.
• Delta-6 Desaturase Activity assesses the efficiency of this enzyme to metabolize omega 6’s and omega 3’s.
• Cardiovascular Risk includes specific ratios and the Omega-3 Index.

 

Gut microbiome & microbiota – a key test for everyone

Microbiome and microbiota are sometimes interchangeable, but these terms differ. The microbiome is the collection of genomes from all the microorganisms in the environment. For example, the human microbiome refers to a group of microorganisms around the body (including skin, eyes, gut, and so on). Microbiota usually refers to specific microorganisms that are found within a particular environment. In this case, microbiota (i.e., gut microbiota) refers to all microorganisms found in the gut, such as bacteria, viruses and fungi.

It is estimated that 500–1,000 distinct bacterial species live in the intestine. The most common bacterial species in the intestine are Bacteroides, Clostridium, Fusobacterium and Bifidobacterium. Other known strains include Escherichia and Lactobacillus. The Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus strains are typically present in probiotic products because these are the most widely studied.

The functions of the bacteria in the intestines include breaking down carbohydrates (fermentation) that the body cannot otherwise digest. The intestines' bacterial strains also play a role in the absorption of K vitamins, B vitamins, and some minerals (magnesium, calcium, and iron) in the production of bile acids and the immune system. In addition, they act as protective walls against various pathogens.

The bacterial strain of the intestine changes quickly whenever dietary adjustments are made. Studies on mice have found that the microbiota may change overnight upon changing the diet. Similar changes also occur in humans, but the exact time span is unknown. Switching to a more intestine-friendly diet has brought positive results in the treatment of chronic inflammation, obesity, and gut permeability.

GI360 – The Lamborghini of Gut Tests

A personal treatment strategy is based on individual biochemistry and genetic inheritance. The GI360 x3 intestinal assay helps provide objective information, support a more accurate treatment strategy, and guide health-related changes.

The GI360 x3 intestinal assay uses multiplex PCR, MALDI-TOF, and microscopy. The GI360 x3 intestinal assay detects pathogens, viruses, parasites, and bacteria linked with acute or chronic gastrointestinal symptoms, diseases, or intestinal-related symptoms.

Image: Sample report first page analysis of the GI 360 test.

The GI360 Profile is a gut microbiota DNA analysis tool. The GI360 Profile identifies and characterizes abundance and diversity in more than 45 targeted analytes associated in peer-reviewed research with dysbiosis and other chronic disease states.

The Dysbiosis Index uses scores from 1 to 5. Values above 2 indicate a microbiota profile that differs from the normobiotic reference population. For example, GI360 results can help build an individualized treatment program.

• Gastrointestinal symptoms
• Autoimmune diseases
• IBD / IBS
• Inflammations
• Food hypersensitivity
• Nutritional deficiencies
• Joint pain
• Chronic or acute diarrhea
• Bloody stools
• Mucosal dysfunction
• Stomach ache
• Fever and vomiting

Microbiome Abundance and Diversity

Genetic Testing (DNA) and Its Vast Possibilities

Knowing your genetic code is made possible by new DNA tests based on the latest science and technology. They can help make better choices in everyday life and find more effective ways to change lifestyles. At the same time, DNA tests help optimize health and achieve personal goals.

Genetic testing is a powerful tool that has revolutionized the field of healthcare. It allows individuals to gain insight into their genetic makeup and better understand their risk of developing certain diseases or conditions. By analyzing an individual's DNA, genetic testing can reveal information about genetic mutations, variations, and changes that can significantly impact an individual's health. With this information, individuals can make more informed decisions about their health, including lifestyle changes and preventive measures, to reduce their risk of developing certain conditions.

Furthermore, genetic testing can diagnose and treat various diseases, providing personalized and targeted treatments that can significantly improve patient outcomes. The importance of genetic testing in healthcare cannot be overstated, and as technology advances, it can potentially transform how we approach disease prevention and treatment. 

Integral DNA: Combination Of Three DNA Tests (Resilience + Health + Active)

Precision nutrition, precision medicine, and nutrigenomics are all related concepts revolutionizing how we think about health and nutrition. At their core, these terms refer to using advanced technology and data to create personalized health plans. Understanding the individual's DNA and lifestyle can tailor these plans to meet a person's unique needs.

With Integral DNA, you'll get three powerful new genetic tests to help you make better life choices and more effective lifestyle changes. By knowing your genetic code, you can unlock the secrets of your body to optimize health and reach personal goals.

The test kit consists of three different genetic tests, giving you a comprehensive picture of your health. Previously, for the price of one genetic test, you get three.

Get the test here.

DNA Health

DNA Health® tests known genetic variants that significantly impact health and various risks of diseases such as osteoporosis, cancer, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes.

DNA Active

DNA Active analyzes genes that have been found to significantly affect the following areas: soft tissue injury risk, recovery, power generation potential, endurance potential, caffeine metabolism, salt sensitivity, and timing of peak performance.

DNA Resilience

DNA Resilience provides information on seven key molecular regions that impact stress and resilience the most. These include neuropeptide Y, oxytocin, neurotrophic factors, cortisol, norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin.

Image: Example summary of the DNA Resilience test.

Learn more about the Integral DNA Test here.

Epigenetic Testing - The Future of Preventive Medicine?

Epigenetics studies how gene expression changes can occur without changes in the underlying DNA sequence. Various factors, including environmental exposures, lifestyle choices, and other external influences, can influence this.

In terms of human health, epigenetics is thought to play a role in various conditions, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurological disorders. By better understanding the underlying mechanisms of epigenetic changes, researchers hope to develop new therapies and interventions that can prevent or treat these conditions.

Some factors that have been shown to influence epigenetic changes include diet, exercise, stress, and exposure to toxins and pollutants. Genetic factors can also play a role in determining an individual's susceptibility to epigenetic changes.

While much is still unknown about the complex interplay between genetics, epigenetics, and environmental factors, research in this field is advancing rapidly. It has the potential to revolutionize our understanding of human health and disease.

The epigenome is a dynamic system that plays a significant role in aging. DNA methylation and histone modifications change with chronological age and chronic diseases. Aging is associated with general hypomethylation and local hypermethylation. To appropriately analyze DNA methylation, various "epigenetic clocks" have been developed (such as the Horvath clock, Weidner Clock, and Hannum clock).

Types of Epigenetic Modifications

Epigenetic modifications are measurable changes that influence gene expression and can offer insights into health and disease risk. Examples include:

1. DNA methylation: adding a methyl group to a specific DNA location, which can alter gene expression. Abnormal methylation patterns have been associated with diseases including cancer and cardiovascular disease.
2. Histone modification: changes to histone proteins can affect gene accessibility, either promoting or inhibiting expression.
3. Non-coding RNA: non-coding RNA molecules do not code for proteins but can regulate gene expression through interactions with other RNA molecules or proteins.
4. Chromatin structure: DNA packaging into chromatin can affect gene expression, and chromatin changes have been linked to various diseases.

Aging is complex and individual, so a combination of routine laboratory tests, epigenetic tests, molecular biomarkers, and phenotypic markers may offer a more comprehensive view. Additionally, for example, we recommend the GlycanAge test, an at-home blood test that analyses glycans to determine biological age. Learn more about GlycanAge test here.

 

Conclusion

A complete assessment of overall health is a structured review of biomarkers and current scientific knowledge of human physiology. A complete assessment of overall health is highly recommended for a broader view of physiology, biochemistry, and epigenetics. It is advisable to take all these tests at least once. After lifestyle changes, a follow-up test in 6-12 months can help evaluate their impact. To obtain a holistic view of health, we suggest a comprehensive blood biomarkers panel. Additionally, we suggest an organic acids test, with amino acids included in the organic acids test. We also suggest fatty acids as an add-on to the organic acids test. A complete assessment of overall health may also include a comprehensive microbiota test, an integral DNA test and an epigenetic test. These tests are designed to provide a more accurate and in-depth understanding of health. A follow-up test after lifestyle changes can help monitor progress and support more informed health decisions.